虚拟语气了
虚拟语气是一种动词形式，表示说话人的一种愿望，假设，怀疑，猜测， 建议等含义，虚拟语气所表示的含义不是客观存在的事实。
If I were you, I'd take them away.
如果我是你的话，我就会带走他们。
If I had met Li Hua, I could had told him.
如果我碰见了李华，我就告诉了他了。
If I had time. I could come to help you.
如果我有时间，我会来帮助你的。
He suggested that our class should be divided into five groups.
他建议说我们的班应该分成五个小组。
He speaks to us as if he had been there.
他给我们讲的好象他去过那儿。
虚拟语气的用法
1) 虚拟语气用在简单句中，表示祝愿，命令。
May you be happy.
祝你幸福。
May you have a good time.
祝愿你玩的痛快。
May the friendship between us last long.
祝愿我们的友情天长地久。
Have a good journey!
祝愿你旅途愉快！
You go out！
你出去！
2) 虚拟语气用在宾语从句中。动词 wish, suggest,order,insist, propose,等词后面的宾语从句表示的是一种虚拟语气， 宾语从句中的动词动作表示的只是一种愿望，要求。
I wish she would be on my side.
我希望她能站在我一边。
I wish I could help him.
我希望我能帮助他。
He insisted that all of us should be there on time by any means.
他坚持要我们大家想尽办法按时去那儿。
动词 demand, suggest, order, insist, propose 后面的从句中，"should" 可以省略。
The teacher suggested that we (should) clean the blackboard after class.
老师建议我们课后把黑板擦了。
He ordered that the students wash the clothes every week by themselves.
他要求学生每周都要自己洗衣服。
3) 虚拟语气用在主语从句中。
在句型 "It is important (necessary, strange, natural) that .... " 中，that 后面的从句中的谓语动词用： should + 动词原形
It's necessary that we should have a walk now.
我们有必要出去散散步。
It's natural that she should do so.
她这样做是很自然的。
It's important that we should take good care of the patient.
重要的是我们要照顾好病人。
4) 虚拟语气用在状语从句中。
虚拟语气最多地用在表示条件的状语从句和表示结果的主句中。在表示与事实相反的虚拟语气时，动词有三种时态形式，即现在，过去和将来。
与现在事实相反的：
条件从句 结果从句
If I (we,you,he,they)+ 动词过去式.. if I (he,she) were... I (we) should + 动词原形。 He (you,they) would + 动词原形。
与过去事实相反的：
条件从句 结果从句
If I(we,you,he,they)+ had + 过去分词 I(we)should + have+ 过去分词。He (you,they) would + have + 过去分词。
If I were you, I should buy it.
如果我是你，我就买了它。
If I had time, I would study French.
如果我有时间，我会学习法语的。
If she knew English,she would not ask me for help.
如果她懂英语的话，她不会找我帮忙的。
If you had got up earlier, you could have caught the train.
如果你早一点起床，就会赶上火车的。
If it were fine tomorrow,I would go shopping.
如果明天天气好，我就去买东西。
有关虚拟语气的几个问题：
1) 有时if引导的状语从句可以省略 if，而把从句中的动词 were, had 或 should 移到主语前面。
Were she younger, she would do it .
如果她年青点， 她就会干的。
Had he known her address, he would had gone to visite her.
如果他知道她的地址，他会去看她的。
2) 有时表示虚拟语气的条件从句或者主句都可以省略，而只剩下一个主句或者一个条件从句。
I could help you.
我本来可以帮助你。
If I had time.
我要有时间该多好啊。
She should have come to the party.
她应该来参加聚会。
If he had much more money.
如果他有更多的钱就能...。
3) 虚拟语气中，条件从句的动词动作可以和主句的动词动作时态不一致。
If they had studied hard, they could do it easily now.
如果他们以前努力学习的话，现在干的就会容易些。
If he had not taken my advice, he wouldn't do it much better like this.
如果他不听取我的建议，他就不会干得这样好。
虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)这一语法项目是各类英语考试中心测试的重点之一。虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，用来表示说话人所说的话并不是事实，而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测。
Ⅰ用以表示虚拟条件的虚拟语气
⒈ 用if条件从句表示的虚拟条件，是虚拟条件最普通的方式。
① 虚拟现在时表示与现在事实相反的假设，其if 从句的谓语形式用动词的过去式(be 一般用were)，主句用would/ should/ could/ might +动词原形，例如：If I were in your position I would marry her.
② 虚拟过去时是表示与过去事实相反的假设，if 从句的谓语形式用过去完成时即had＋过去分词，主句用would / should / could / might + have +过去分词，例如：If it had not rained so hard yesterday we could have played tennis.
③ 大多数的虚拟条件句属于上面三种情况的一种，但并不排除存在条件和后果中，一个和现在情况相反，另一个和过去情况相反，例如：If you had followed what the doctor said, you would not have been so painful now.这个句子在高中出现频率颇高。
④ 但是，如果后果用了虚拟语气，而条件却用陈述语气，这种用法是错的。
⒉ 除了表示虚假条件外，if从句还可以表示对将来的推测，由于是将来还没有发生的，所以谈不上是真实的还是虚假的，只能说这个事情发生的可能性有多大。一般情况下，可以用陈述语气的if从句来表示对一个未来事实的推测，这个事实是完全可能发生的。If从句的谓语形式用一般过去式或用were to / should +动词原形，主句用would / should /could/ might +动词原形，例如：Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she were to get a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.（1996年1月四级第44题）
⒋ 大多数的虚拟条件通过上面所讲的两种方法表达，但在个别句子中也可以通过介词without和介词短语but for表达，副词otherwise等表达出来。例如：We didn't know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.（1995年6月四级第46题）值得注意的是，包含but for的句子，谓语动词必定要用虚拟形式，但包含without等短语的句子，谓语动词未必一定要用虚拟语气。
Ⅱ用在宾语从句中的虚拟语气
⒈ 在表示愿望的动词wish后的宾语从句中，需用虚拟语气。（wish后的that 常省略），根据主句时态，从句谓语时态相应退后一位，例如：How she wished his family could go with him.
⒉ 在具有愿望、请求、建议、命令等主观意愿的动词(desire, demand, advice, insist, require, suggest, propose, order, recommend, decide …) 后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用(should) +动词原形。值得注意的是，如果宾语从句的动词是否定的，否定词not的位置应在动词之前，而不是动词之后。例如：The head nurse insisted that the patient not be move.另外，如suggest表达“暗示”，insist表示“坚持某种说法”时，后面的从句不用虚拟语气，例如：Her pale face suggests that she is ill.或He insisted that he did not kill the boy.
除此之外，上述动词也要求用虚拟式
① 在It is+上述动词的过去分词，其后所跟的主语从句中，如It is suggested that pupils wear school uniforms.
② 在上述动词相应的名词形式作主语+连系动词，其后的表语从句中，例如His suggestion was that classed be re-scheduled.
③ 在对上述动词相应的名词进行解释的同位语从句中，如：The workers raised the demand that their pay be increased to cope with the inflation.
⒊ would （had）rather , would sooner也用来表达主观愿望，它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反，例如：I would rather he went right now.
Ⅲ其他形式的虚拟语气
⒈ it is +necessary等形容词后，that主语从句中虚拟形式使用，这类形容词包括necessary, important, essential, imperative, urgent, preferable, vital, advisable等，例如It is necessary that you listen to the teacher carefully.或者It is essential that you be able to pronounce every single word correctly.
⒉ 在It's (high/about) time 之后的定语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式，例如It is high time that you went to school
⒊ 虚拟语气在as if / as though 引导的方式状语从句中的应用（谓语动词形式与wish后的宾语从句基本相同）表示与现在事实相反或对现在情况有怀疑，谓语动词用过去式。例如：He felt as if he alone were responsible for what had happened. 表示过去想象中的动作或情况，谓语动词用过去完成式。
⒋ 在lest 引导的状语从句中，谓语动词多用虚拟语气，(should )+ 动词原形。例如： The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.（1998年1月四级第38题）
⒌ 在if only 引起的感叹句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式或过去完成式。例如： Look at the terrible situation I am in! if only I had followed your advice.
时间选择型
当虚拟语气用来表示一种不能成为现实、不真实的情况时，须选择与现在、将来和过去情况相反的三种不同时间，从而决定谓语动词。这类虚拟语气主要用于如下几方面:
（1）虚拟条件句（含蓄虚拟条件句）
If l were you, l would study much harder． （与现在情况相反）
If he did（were to do，should do）it，he would do it well． （与将来情况相反）
I wouldn't have finished the work without your help． （与过去情况相反）
（2）由 even if (though) 引导的让步状语从句，其谓语动词变化同于虚拟条件句，在口语中也可用直陈语气。
Even if he were here, he wouldn't be able to help you． （与现在情况相反）
Nothing could have saved your father，even if the doctor had arrived on time．
（与过去情况相反）
（3） wish后的宾语从句
I wish I were five years younger than you．（与现在情况相反）
He wishes you would go with him.（与将来情况相反）
I wished I had won the match．（与过去情况相反）
注意：wish的时态不影响从句三种时间的判定。
（4） as if (though)引导的表语从句和方式状语从句
He looks as if he were very sleepy．（与现在情况相反）
They are talking about something, as if they were quarrelling with each other．
2．should+动词原形型
这种类型的虚拟语气一般用于主语从句、宾语从句、表语和同位语从句。谓语由should+动词原形构成，无论什么人称都不能用 would, should在口语中可以略去。
（1）在主语从句中用以表示惊奇、惋惜、理应如此，构成 It is natural （important, necessary, strange, a pity, a shame等）that… 句型。
It is natural that you should say apology to him．
It is a pity that you should be careless．
（2）用于表示命令、建议一类动词后的宾语从句，如：suggest，move，insist，demand，request，command等。
The young man insisted that he should be sent to do the work．
I suggested that we should set off earlier．
应注意：当insist表示对已发生过的事物的看法，或当suggest为“说明了”，
另外我再补弃几点就是it is time+从句(从句可用过去时,但也可用should+动词原形来表示虚似,但是这里的should不可以省略
如(it is high time that you got (should get)dress
1）综述：
在表示一种假相的情况、主观愿望时，动词有时候要用虚拟语气。
涉及动词：原型、情态动词、过去时、完成时
现在的虚拟语气：用情态动词或动词原型，表达需要做或者发生的事情，可能性一般
It is important that he work hard.
They propose that Dr. wood be elected.
Our decision is that the school remain closed.
过去虚拟语气，were，用于各种人称，表示估计、期望，可能性比上一种低
If here were leaving, you would have heard about it.
If she were here, she would speak on my behalf.
I wish she were not married.
其他虚拟形式和过去式相同：
I wish the bus went to the university.
He acts as if he knew me.
If he found a patient listener, he would pour out his trouble.
过去完成式，表示已经完成，没有任何可能
If only I had listened to my parents!
If I had seen her, I would have told her.
I wish I hadn’t wasted so much money
有些情态动词也常用于虚拟语气
I wish I could speak your language.
If only she would go with me!
美国人使用现在虚拟语气的句子中，英国人常用should+动词原型
I demand that the committee reconsider/should reconsider its decision.
2）虚拟语气在条件句中的用法
虚拟条件句，表示假设的情况
It doesn’t matter if you can’t find her.
If you can do it, so can I.
Don’t come unless I telephone.
Suppose you disagree with anything he suggests, you can come to me.
这类句子大多数包含一个由if引起的条件从句，少数条件从句由unless, suppose引起。条件句有两种，一种表示可能成为现实的情况，成为真实条件句。
I must leave if that’s the case.
You will forgive me if I have given you pain.
If she said so, she’s a liar.
If Colin is in London, he is undoubtedly staying at the Hilton.
She’s taking a stick with her in case she has any trouble on the way.
在这些句子中假设的情况都是可能发生的。句中谓语都使用陈述语气。与此相反，如果假设的情况纯然是假想，是与现实不一样的或发生的可能性不大的，这种句子就叫做虚拟条件句
If I were you, I’d go to night school.
If he changed his opinions, he’d be a more likeable person.
If she were younger, she would study computer science.
If anything had happened, he would have let her know.
If they had invited her, she would have attended it. 此类句子中的谓语形式，就是所谓的虚拟语气。
表示现在或者将来情况的虚拟条件句：主句谓语，would + 原型；条件从句的谓语，相当于过去时的形式
If we had enough money, we would buy a computer.
If they invited me, I would certainly attend it.
If you didn’t stay up so late every evening, you wouldn’t feel so sleepy in the morning.
在条件从句中，如果谓语动词是be，一般用were
If there were anything to tell, I would tell it to you.
If she were trying harder, her parents wouldn’t be so anxious.
在口语中，一、三人称可以用was
If I was rich, I would buy you anything you wanted.
这类句子有一些特殊情况值得注意
在主句中有时用could或might构成谓语
If he knew the facts, he could tell us what to do.
If he were here, he could help us.
If we had more police, there might be less crime.
用were to / was to构成谓语，表示将来万一发生的情况
If you were to speak to him, it would carry more weight.
If I were to ask, would you help me?
从句中有时用would表示愿意
If Ann would admit this I shouldn’t quarrel with her.
I should be glad if you would give me an account of it.
If 可能被省略，这时候用倒装
Were she in charge (if she were in charge), she would do things differently.
Were she here, she would support the motion.
Were the government to cut VAT, prices would fall.
Were it to reveal its secret, that house would collapse in shame.
Should I be free tomorrow, I will come.
Should you change your mind, no one would blame you.
Should she be interested, I’ll phone her.
从句有时可用if it were not for表示若不是
If it weren’t for your help, I would still be homeless.
You wouldn't be anywhere if it weren’t for Ruth.
Were it not for your help, I wouldn’t be doing so well.
极少数情况下，从句的谓语用动词原型
If any person be found guilty, he shall have the right of appeal.
If that be the official view, it cannot be accepted.
还有一些特殊的不完整的条件句也可能用虚拟语气
Suppose we told her the truth.
Imagine your child played truant.
Suppose he were lost.
Without me to supplement your income, you wouldn’t be able to mange.
Just suppose everyone were to give up smoking and drinking.
表示过去情况的虚拟条件句：条件从句的谓语，had+过去分词；主句谓语，would have+过去分词
这类从句表示一个与事实完全相反的过去情况
If anything had happened, he would have let her know.
If I had worked harder at school, I’d have got a better job.
If you hadn’t studied hard, you’d have failed the exam.
在从句中也可以用had been构成谓语
If I had been you, I’d have taken the job.
这类句子的特例：
主句可以用could或might should构成谓语
If he had known the facts, he could have told us what to do.
If she had been here, she could have met my sister.
If he had received the present, he should have thanked her.
从句中有时可用if it had not been for以及倒装式的had it not been for做谓语，表示：“要不是有”
If it hadn’t been for Margaret, I might not have understood.
If it hadn’t been for the rain, we would have had a good harvest.
If it hadn’t been for the doctor’s care, I wouldn’t have recovered so soon.
可把从句倒装，省略if
Had I known your address, I would have written before.
Had I not seen with my own eyes, I would not have believed it.
Had Mark been in charge, it wouldn’t have happened.
在主句第一人称后也有人用should
I should have talked to mother if I had thought of it.
I should never have done it if I hadn’t been so hard up.
一些特殊的虚拟条件句
主句谓语和从句谓语动作发生时间不同
If you’d listened to me, you wouldn’t be in such trouble now.
If it hadn’t been for her care, I should not be speaking to you now.
含蓄条件句：句子不包含条件从句，意思却和条件句差不多
To hear him talk, you’d think he was Prime Minister.
But for his pension, he would starve.
Without your help, I couldn’t have achieved all this.
In different circumstances, I might have agreed.
Any person who had behave in that way would have been dismissed.
Don’t bother to read all these papers. It would take too long.
I’d hate to lose this pen.
一些特殊的虚拟条件句
错综时间条件句：
If I had not got married, I would still have been living abroad.
If she were trying harder, her parents wouldn’t be so anxious
If it had been raining this morning, we would have stayed home
3）在从句中的使用
有时主句谓语和从句谓语表示的动作发生的时间不同
If you’d listened to me, you wouldn’t be in such trouble now.
If it hadn’t been for her care, I should not be speaking to you now.
宾语从句：wish 后的宾语从句，表示与事实相反，指现在的情况
I wish we had more money.
I wish I knew the answer to your question.
I wish I were a bird.
I wish the sun was shining at this moment.
另一类意思相当于过去完成时表示过去的状况，有懊悔的意思
I wish that I had never met him.
He wished he hadn’t done it.
有时候指将来，用would，表示可能实现（可能较低），接近一种客气的请求
I wish you wouldn’t smoke any more.
I wish you wouldn’t be so noisy.
有时可用could构成谓语，有时可用might
I wish he could come tomorrow
I wish I could be of some use.
She sincerely wished that she might do something to comfort him
Would rather后的宾语中，谓语用过去式表示现在或将来
I would rather they left on an early train.
I would much rather it was forgotten.
I’d rather she didn’t sit next to me.
也可用相当于过去完成时的形式表示过去
I’d rather you had been present.
Kate went by car and I’d rather she hadn’t.
I’ve told her about it. – I’d rather you hadn’t.
另外had rather和prefer后面的宾语从句也可以用虚拟语气
I had rather you did it
She preferred that he should do it in the kitchen.
I prefer that she drive.
此外在if only, suppose后也常用虚拟语气表示惋惜
If only I had listened to your advice!
If only I were not so nervous now.
Suppose I were to lend him five pounds
Demand, insist, ask等动词后的宾语从句
He urges that the restrictions be lifted.
They demanded that the right to vote be given to every adult man.
Rose insisted that he be present.
I ask that he leave.
The doctor advised that he change his job.
They recommend that this tax be abolished.
The committee proposed Mr. Big be elected.
We requested that the meeting be cancelled.
They intended that the news be suppressed.
英国过去常常会在动词原型前面加上should。至今仍有一些会加上should表示“竟然会”
I regret that she should worry about it.
I can’t think why he should have been so angry.
虚拟语气在主语、表语从句中的运用
不少主语从句中，动词用原型
It’s vital that we be present.
It was intended that you be the candidate.
It is important that this mission not fail.
It is appropriate that this tax be abolished.
有时用should＋原型，有“竟然”的意思
It’s a pity that he should be so obstinate.
It’s amazing that she should have said nothing about it.
That they should refuse to sign the petition required great courage.
表语从句：
Sophia’s idea was that they should lock up the house.
Her suggestion was that they carry on their conversation in French.
同位语从句
They were faced with the demand that this tax be abolished.
They expressed the wish that she accept the award.
The resolution that women be allowed to join the society was carried.
状语从句
I’m surprised that he should feel lonely.
I’m anxious that I shouldn’t be in the way.
They were insist that we be ready.
I’m afraid the journey would be expensive.
As if/though用虚拟语气较多
He acts as if he knew you.
The stuffed dog barked as if it were a real one.
She closed here eyes as though she too were tired.
有时虚拟语气不明显
She looked a bit queer, as if she knew something.
He paused as though he found a difficulty.
某些让步从句和目的从句
Come what may, we will go ahead with our plan.
Though he be the President himself, he shall hear us.
Whether she be right or wrong, she will have my support.
Be that as it may, we have nothing to lose.
Eloquent though she was, she could not persuade him.
Whatever be the reasons for their action, we cannot tolerate such disloyalty.
Poor though you might be, you cannot live all your life on charity.
目的从句用虚拟语气作谓语
They removed the prisoner in order that he would not disturb the proceedings any further.
They’ve arranged that I should absent myself for part of the meeting.
They left early for fear they sould meet him.
The president must reject the proposal, lest it cause strife and violence.
在这类从句中，美国有时用原型，但是英国多用一个情态动词。以so that 为例，肯定句多用can, may，否定句用 should, would, will.
A. I hired a boat so that I could go fishing.
B. Speaking clearly so that they may understand you.
A. He looked down so that he should not see your eyes.
B. He wore a mask so that on one should recognize him.
A. I wanted her to take this job so that she would be occupied.
B. You must explain the situation plainly so that they will understand.
虚拟语气的一些其他用法
表示祝愿：
God bless you!
God save the Queen!
Heaven forbid that I should let my own parents suffer.
God be praised.
(God) Damn it.
Long live the Republic!
Heaven help us!
So be it.
Please God, there hasn’t been an accident.
So help me God.
4）
一些固定说法：
Suffice it to say that we won.
Far be it from me to spoil the fun.
So be it then!
有些祝愿的话用may开头
May you always be happy!
May you have a long and happy life!
May all your dreams come true.
用在it’s time后的定语从句中的虚拟语气
It’ time，如果用从句的话，必须用虚拟语气
I think it’s time you went to bed.
It’s time we ordered dinner.
I think it’s time they were taught a lesson.
It’s high time they began to take you seriously.
I think it’s high time that she made up her mind.
It’s high time you bought a new car.
在一些其他句型中使用的虚拟语气
由that引起的句子
That he should dare to speak in that tone of voice to me!
Oh, that you would be quite.
Oh, that I could fly.
Would
Would that the end might never come!
Would that we had seen her before she died.
Would that I were with her now.
To think
To think he would come to anything like that.
To think that she should have died such a tragic death.
用在某些成语中的虚拟语气
As it were
He is a grown-up baby, as it were.
He became, as it were a kind of hero from a strand land.
He was, as if were, intoxicated by the soft air and sunshine of spring
Would think
Anyone would think you were in love with the girl.
Anyone would think he owns the place, the way he talks!
He would never think of letting his daughter marry a fellow like you.
Would have thought
Who would have thought to see you here!
You would have thought the school would do more to help a child like Craig.
Should…but 原来是……
Who should come in but his first wife!
When I got off the boat whom should I see but you!
What should I find but an enormous spider.
Would rather + 不定式
I would rather be a miner than a bank clerk.
He’d rather not go by car.
If I’d lived in 1400, I’d rather have been a knight than a monk.
I’d much sooner be happy than rich.
If need be (如果有必要)
If need be, help him to do it.
I will come if need be.
I’ll work at night if need be.
倒装
有时可以把含有助动词、情态动词、be或have的虚拟条件句中的连词if 省去，而将had , should, were 等词提到主语之前，即用倒装结构,这时候，如果出现not等否定词，否定词需放在主语后面。这种结构在口语中很少使用，但频频出现在各类考试中出现，例如：If it had not rained so hard yesterday we could have played tennis.→Had it not rained so hard yesterday, we could have played tennis.
有时虚拟条件不是明确地表达出来，而在蕴含在用but引导的从句里，于是便出现了有谓语动词是虚拟语气的主句加上谓语动词是陈述语气的but从句构成的并列复合句，例如I would have hung you but the telephone was out of order.在这样的句子里，如果主句没有用虚拟语气，或者从句用了虚拟语气，都是错的。
